Automatic Detection of Flavescence Dorée Symptoms Across White Grapevine Varieties Using Deep Learning
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
(FD) is a grapevine disease caused by phytoplasmas and transmitted by leafhoppers that has been spreading in European vineyards despite significant efforts to control it. In this study, we aim to develop a model for the automatic detection of FD-like symptoms (which encompass other grapevine yellows symptoms). The concept is to detect likely FD-affected grapevines so that samples can be removed for FD laboratory identification, followed by uprooting if they test positive, all to be conducted quickly and without omission, thus avoiding further contamination in the fields. Developing FD-like symptoms detection models is not simple, as it requires dealing with the complexity of field conditions and FD symptoms' expression. To address these challenges, we use deep learning, which has already been proven effective in similar contexts. More specifically, we train a Convolutional Neural Network on image patches, and convert it into a Fully Convolutional Network to perform inference. As a result, we obtain a coarse segmentation of the likely FD-affected areas while having only trained a classifier, which is less demanding in terms of annotations. We evaluate the performance of our model trained on a white grape variety, Chardonnay, across five other grape varieties with varying FD symptoms expressions. Of the two largest test datasets, the true positive rate for Chardonnay reaches 98.48% whereas for Ugni-Blanc it drops to 8.3%, underlining the need for a multi-varietal training dataset to capture the diversity of FD symptoms. To obtain more transparent results and to better understand the model's sensitivity, we investigate its behavior using two visualization techniques, Guided Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping and the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection. Such techniques lead to a more comprehensive analysis with greater reliability, which is essential for in-field applications, and more broadly, for all applications impacting humans and the environment.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it