Influence of lignin structure change during extrusion on properties and recycling of lignin‐polyethylene thermoplastic composites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Kraft lignin has been widely investigated for the production of composite plastics by blending with different synthetic polymers. In the present study, softwood kraft lignin‐polyethylene (PE) composites are produced by extrusion. The change in lignin structure during the extrusion has been investigated and the influences of the lignin structure change on the properties and recyclability of the composites have been investigated. Extrusion reduces the content of functional groups in lignin (especially aromatic OH group) and decreases its glass transition temperature, but increases its weight‐average molecular weight and polydispersity index. In the lignin‐PE composites, lignin and PE only blend at the macroscopic level and there is no intermolecular interaction between them. Because extrusion reduces T g and particle size of lignin, a lower temperature is needed to reprocess the lignin‐PE composites. These recycled composites have similar thermal properties, but enhanced mechanical properties. This work shows that lignin can be used as a potential component to reduce the usage of synthetic polymers, thus partially eliminating white pollution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".