Bibliographic record
Abstract
During gestation, the mother is the main source of thyroid hormones for the foetus. Thus, hypothyroidism during pregnancy and/or preterm birth compromise thyroid hormone supply for the foetus. Maternal hypothyroidism increases risk of preterm birth and both conditions are associated with respiratory distress in infants. Since thyroid hormones are essential for normal brain development, it is plausible that maternal thyroid hormone deficiency plays a role in respiratory disorders related to neurological immaturity in the newborn; however, this hypothesis is yet to be tested. Here, we used methimazole treatment (MMI; 0.05% v/w) from the onset of pregnancy until two weeks postpartum to induce thyroid hormone deficiency in rat pups. At 14-15 days of age, we used plethysmography to measure breathing at rest and in response to hypoxia (12% O<sub>2</sub>, 20 min) in intact pups. We then used a urethane/chloralose anesthetised preparation to measure cardiorespiratory inhibition induced by laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation. In intact pups, basal breathing did not differ between groups but the breathing frequency response to hypoxia of MMI-treated pups was lower than controls. Following anesthesia, breathing frequency of MMI pups was 60% lower than controls; following laryngeal chemoreflex stimulation, the drop in O<sub>2</sub> saturation that was 82% greater in MMI-treated pups than controls. Inactivation of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors (bicuculline; 0.5 mg/kg) raised the frequency of anesthetised MMI pups but not control. We conclude that gestational thyroid hormone deficiency interferes with the respiratory and autonomic control systems of the offspring. Thyroid hormone supplementation could alleviate cardiorespiratory disorders in newborn, especially those born preterm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".