Investigating predictive models for earlier diagnosis of cognitive impairment using multimodal eye biomarkers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to investigate predictive models for earlier diagnosis of cognitive impairment (CI) using the eye. Method Prospective age‐matched subjects (n = 69, 55+ years) w/o CI and the presence of any ophthalmic history were recruited. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores, retinal images (EasyScan, iOptics) and full‐field electroretinogram (RETeval TM , LKC Technologies, Inc.) were obtained. The multifractal behavior in the skeletonized optic‐disc region was analyzed using the generalized dimensions (D 0 , D 1 & D 2 ) and singularity spectrum f(α) vs. α, both calculated with the ImageJ program. The lacunarity (Λ) was also calculated by measuring the gap dispersion inside each retinal image. Logistic regression was used to construct predictive models to discriminate between phenotypes obtained from individuals w/o CI. Independent variables were divided into sets (see Table 1). Then, five hierarchical set models were fitted with all independent variables forced in. For each model, predicted probabilities were used to construct Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. In a separate analysis, all independent variables were allowed inclusion in a parsimonious forward stepwise fashion, and a ROC curve was also constructed with its model‐predicted probabilities. Efficacy of discrimination was summarized with the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) and Youden’s index. Result Of the 69 participants, 32 had CI (46%). Figures 1 and Table 1 shows that the overall predictive accuracy of the model 5 in discriminating patients with CI from cognitive healthy subjects may be better (AUROC∼0.95) than that of the other combined measurements AUROC range∼[0.73 ‐ 0.88]. In the separated analysis with all independent variables, the singularity exponent a 2 was the most significant predictor of CI. Once this was accounted for, none of the other parameters was statistically significant except Flicker IT. Therefore, a 2 and Flicker IT were included in a single model to obtain a powerful predictive index: X linear = 18.387 + (0.736) × (Flicker IT)‐(26.887) x (a 2 ) being the Predictive probability of CI = exp Xlinear /(1+exp Xlinear ). The AUROC for this predictive model was 0.897 (SE = 0.050) and was highly significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion Our results showed that the predictive model using multimodal eye biomarkers has potential to target cognitive screening toward individuals at increased risk of CI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".