Effect of cumulative exposure to psychosocial stressors at work on global cognitive function: A 25‐year longitudinal study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background By 2050, an estimated 152 million people will be living with dementia. Prospective studies suggest that exposure to psychosocial stressors at work could be associated with a higher risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia, but the evidence is still not clear. Method This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cumulative exposure to psychosocial stressors at work on global cognitive function in a cohort followed for over 25 years. At baseline in 1991‐1993 (T1), 9,188 white‐collar workers were recruited. Two follow‐ups were carried out in 1999‐2001 (T2) and 2015‐2019 (T3). This analysis was done among 5,728 participants working in T2, which participated in T3. Global cognitive function was evaluated with the validated Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (Nasreddine, 2005) and categorized in three groups according to standardized cut‐offs. Psychosocial stressors at work were evaluated with the validated Job Content Questionnaire (Karasek, 1979) at each time. The effect of cumulative exposure to psychosocial stressors at work at T1 and T2 on cognitive function categories at T3 was estimated with marginal structural models using inverse probability of treatment and censoring weights. Each observation was weighted for the inverse of the probability of death and lost to follow‐up and adjusted for potential confounders measured at T1 (age, sex, education, number of years in the same job, comorbidities, and lifestyle habits). Multiple imputation of missing data was performed. Result Workers exposed to low job demand and those exposed to a passive job (low job demand combined with low job control) at both T1 and T2 were at higher risk of moderate to severe cognitive impairment than non‐exposed workers (prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 1.34 (1.10;1.63), p=0.003, and 1.27 (1.05;1.54), p=0.012 respectively). Men, but not women, exposed to low job control at both T1 and T2 were at higher risk of moderate to severe cognitive impairment than non‐exposed workers (PR and 95% CI: 1.38 (1.07;1.79), p=0.015). No statistically significant associations were observed with the risk of mild cognitive impairment. Conclusion Primary prevention of cognitive impairment could be possible with the reduction of these frequent and modifiable psychosocial stressors at work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".