Three-dimensional visualization of stratified turbulent wakes at varying Reynolds number
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a series of three-dimensional visualizations of numerically simulated turbulent wakes in a stably stratified fluid with a focus on the effects of the wake Reynolds number, Re, on the wake flow. The visualization of stratified wakes is complicated by the coexistence of regions of distinct dynamics in the flow, including large-scale ‘pancake vortices,’ small-scale shear instabilities within layers of concentrated vertical shear, and internal waves emitted by the wake flow to the ambient fluid. We apply various techniques to identify dynamically distinct regions within the wake flow and visualize them separately. The volume fractions occupied by each of these regions are also quantified. Through the visualizations, we observe three significant effects on the wake’s evolution associated with increasing wake Reynolds number: (1) nontrivial modifications to the structure of the pancake vortices, (2) prolongation of the period of internal wave emission from the wake, and (3) greater longevity of small-scale shear instabilities within the anisotropic flow structures. These observations reveal a trend in Re that can potentially be extrapolated to stratified wakes at even larger Reynolds numbers that are typical of geophysical wakes and currently not accessible to laboratory experiments or numerical simulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".