An Ensemble Deep Convolutional Neural Network Model for Electricity Theft Detection in Smart Grids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electricity theft can be considered as a Nontechnical Loss (NTL) in smart grids, which is very harmful to the power system. Electricity Theft Detection (ETD) is a procedure to detect atypical behaviours in smart grids, which can be achieved via the massive amount of data that is generated by these networks due to using smart meter tools and Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Since the existing methods are not exceptionally robust to detect this type of attack, also considering the strength of the convolutional neural network (CNN), an Ensemble Deep Convolutional Neural Network (EDCNN) algorithm for ETD in smart grids has been proposed. As the first layer of the model, a random under bagging technique is applied to deal with the imbalance data, then deep CNNs are utilized on each subset, and finally, a voting system is embedded as the last part. This study has been conducted on a dataset which contains consumption information of more than 42,000 customers over 24 months. Various performance parameters containing AUC, precision, recall, f1-score and accuracy have been reported as the results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".