A study of nonlinearity with spectral element method and linear slip effective medium theory.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In exploration seismology, mapping the Earth’s interior structure in more detail is of great interest. The rocks’ microstructures, such as cracks, play an essential rule in oil and gas exploration and production. We study elastic nonlinearity because the microstructures are the main reason for this phenomenon. Nonlinearity is also related to the velocity change due to perturbations in the stress filed within the rocks. Many studies have observed the nonlinearity in field data as well as experimental data. However, the exact underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not well understood. In this study, we provide some numerical examples of wave-perturbed cracked rocks and study the effects of crack aperture size, change of velocity inside crack, and crack orientation on the medium velocity change to better understand this phenomenon. Similar to a few other studies, we study the travel-time delay in a small wave caused by the propagation of a stronger wave. We show that there is a strong dependency between the crack parameters and the travel-time delay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".