Greater REM sleep associates with lower subcortical gray matter in <i>APOE4</i> carriers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Shorter rapid‐eye movement (REM) sleep has been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and accelerated cognitive decline. In this study, we evaluated the association between REM sleep duration and brain structure in adults without stroke or dementia; and whether the presence of an apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele modified this association. Method We studied participants in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort aged at least 40 years who were without significant neurological diseases such as dementia and stroke. Participants underwent in‐home overnight polysomnography and brain MRI. REM sleep duration was calculated as a proportion of total sleep time. Cortical gray matter (GM) and subcortical GM volumes were segmented by semi‐automated procedures and investigated in statistical models as a percentage of intracranial volume. We used linear regression models to assess the association between REM sleep and brain structure, adjusted for age, age squared, sex, depression, and time between the polysomnography and MRI. We included an interaction term to evaluate potential modification by APOE4 allele status. Result The final sample included 492 participants (58.8 ± 8.8 years, 49.4%M). The average time between the polysomnography and MRI was 3.3 ± 1.0 years. We did not observe any direct associations between REM sleep percentage and GM volumes. The APOE4 allele interacted with REM sleep percentage in association with subcortical GM volume (p = 0.045). In APOE4 carriers, more REM sleep was associated with lower subcortical GM volumes (b = ‐0.009; SE = 0.004; p = 0.021), while no association was observed in non‐carriers. Consistent associations were observed when repeating analysis with REM sleep duration rather than percentage. Conclusion Increased REM sleep duration and percent were associated with lower subcortical GM volume in persons with genetic vulnerability to late‐onset AD. Persons with genetic susceptibility to AD and subcortical GM atrophy may have a compensatory increase in their REM sleep, given the role of this sleep stage in memory. On the other hand, hypertrophic GM has been reported in preclinical stages of AD, and this might be the case in those with a genetic susceptibility to AD and shorter REM sleep.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".