Does sex impact neuropsychiatric symptom burden in APOε4 carriers with at‐risk cognitive conditions?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a well‐established genetic risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While sex may play an important modulatory role in the association between APOε4 and certain neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in AD1, it is unclear whether or not this risk extends to cognitively at‐risk populations with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or a history of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This cross‐sectional analysis compared NPS burden between males and females in a cohort of APOε4 carriers with at‐risk cognitive conditions of AD. Method We analyzed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI‐Q) data of 51 symptomatic APOε4 carriers (age = 71.9 ± 5.2) from the PACt‐MD cohort which was comprised of older persons from three at‐risk groups of AD: MCI; MDD without MCI; and MDD with MCI. We stratified participants by sex to compare their NPS severity. We tested whether there was a significant association between sex and i) NPI‐Q total score, and ii) NPI‐Q severity score. We chose not to stratify by zygosity or diagnosis due to the sample size. Result Female APOε4 carriers (n = 33, MNPI Total= 2.27, MNPI Severity = 3.55 ) had significantly higher NPI‐Q total scores(t = 2.15, df = 43.67, p = 0.037, d = 0.50) and significantly higher NPI‐Q severity scores (t = 2.06, df = 45.37, p = 0.044, d = 0.48) than male carriers (n = 18 , MNPI Total = 1.72, MNPI Severity = 2.44). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of certain NPS between male and female carriers. Conclusion Our findings support the need to further investigate whether sex influences the effect of APOε4 on NPS burden. Although female carriers showed significantly higher levels of NPS burden, aligning with previous findings1, our analysis was limited by the small number of symptomatic male carriers (n = 18). Thus, further studies with larger samples are needed to elucidate the interaction between sex and APOε4 status on NPS burden. References: Kim, J., Fischer, C. E., Schweizer, T. A., & Munoz, D. G. (2017). Gender and Pathology‐ Specific Effect of Apolipoprotein E Genotype on Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease. Current Alzheimer research, 8, 834–840.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".