Development of low-carbon masonry grout mixtures using alkali-activated binder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental evaluation of masonry grout made with lime-activated slag–glass powder blend as a binder. The purpose of this study is to develop a grout mixture that is low-carbon dioxide (‘low-carbon’) and has the potential to replace the traditional grout material used in load-bearing concrete block masonry construction. Traditional grout material uses Portland cement, production of which is responsible for a large proportion of carbon dioxide emissions. Thus, elimination or even reduction in the use of Portland cement will minimise environmental impacts. Three grout mixtures incorporating different proportions of glass powder as a partial replacement of slag as an aluminosilicate precursor were investigated to determine the optimum mix proportion that yields the desired properties of the grout material used in concrete block masonry construction. The workability, compressive strength and permeability properties of the mixtures were evaluated. Results from this study show that the use of glass powder at 25% replacement of slag as a precursor in the binder system provides the best performance, and that this mixture can be successfully used as an alternative and low-carbon grout material for concrete block masonry construction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".