Mild behavioral impairment is associated with atrophy in Alzheimer's disease‐related regions in non‐demented older adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) is a recently developed diagnostic concept describing late‐onset persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in older adults without dementia. Few studies to date investigated associations of MBI with structural brain changes. Our aim was to explore structural correlates of NPS in a non‐demented memory clinic sample using the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI‐C) that has been developed to measure MBI. Method 116 non‐demented older adults from the Czech Brain Aging Study presenting with subjective cognitive concerns underwent a neurological, comprehensive neuropsychological examination and brain MRI and were classified as subjective cognitive decline (n=37, MMSE=29.30±0.88) or mild cognitive impairment (n=79, MMSE=26.82±2.51). The Czech version of MBI‐C was administered to participants´ informants. 1.5T MRI with T1‐weighted 3‐dimensional images and FreeSurfer 5.3. algorithm was used to measure a priori selected brain regions: thicknesses of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and entorhinal cortex (ERC) and hippocampal volume (HV) adjusted for total intracranial volume. The volumetric measures were averaged between the two hemispheres. The associations of the MBI‐C total score and five domain scores with the aforementioned regions were assessed within the whole sample using covariate‐adjusted Spearman Rank correlations. Result Significant associations of MBI‐C total score were found with HV (rho=‐.225, p=.016), ERC (rho=‐.284, p=.002) and OFC (rho=‐.214, p=.023) while controlling for sex, age and education. Both latter associations remained significant after controlling also for MMSE. We found associations of HV with both motivation (rho=‐.248, p=.008) and impulse dyscontrol scores (rho=‐.240, p=.011), ERC with impulse dyscontrol (rho=‐.368, p<.001) and OFC with motivation score (rho=‐.201, p=.033). No other associations were observed. Conclusion NPS (particularly in motivation and impulse dyscontrol domains) detected by the MBI‐C in non‐demented older adults are associated with structural changes in typical Alzheimer´s disease‐related regions. This provides supportive evidence for MBI as an early manifestation of AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".