Thermocapillary motion of a solid cylinder near a liquid–gas interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The motion of a solid, infinitely long cylinder perpendicular to a convective liquid–gas interface due to thermocapillarity is investigated via an analytical model. If the cylinder temperature differs from the bulk temperature, a temperature gradient exists along the liquid–gas interface. This results in surface tension gradients at the liquid–gas interface, causing fluid flow around the particle, which induces propulsion. For small particles and, thus, small Péclet and Reynolds numbers, the steady-state equations for temperature and flow fields are solved exactly using two-dimensional bipolar cylindrical coordinates. The velocity of the cylinder as a function of separation distance from the liquid–gas interface is determined for the case of a constant temperature or a constant heat flux on the surface of the cylinder. A larger temperature gradient at the liquid–gas interface in the latter system leads to a larger cylinder velocity and a higher propulsion efficiency. The thermocapillary effect results in larger force on a cylinder than forces arising from other self-propulsion mechanisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".