CHAPTER Barrie G.M. Jamieson
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It was intended that this chapter would be confined to a review of ultrastructural works on bird spermatozoa and phylogenetic implications but it soon became apparent that the work, nearly a century old, of Gustaf Retzius (1909, 1911, 1912) and to a lesser extent the earlier publications of Emil Ballowitz (1886, 1888, 1913) still comprised a large proportion of our knowledge of avian sperm morphology. I have therefore included their light microscopical observations, and pertinent drawings of Retzius, with the later ultrastructural works in this chapter. Retzius’ drawings are comparable with those of Ernst Haekel (1862) for the extraordinary visual acuity, the excellence of the optical systems, and the dedication of these authors, on which their production depended. The light microscopical investigations of McFarlane (1963) are also of great value. The illustrations by Ballowitz are drawn to a smaller scale than those of Retzius and, though providing significant information, are not reproduced in the present work. Avian species examined for sperm morphology by Ballowitz, Retzius and McFarlane are tablulated in Tables 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.127 | 0.059 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".