Numerical Modeling of the Formation of Shackleton Crater at the Lunar South Pole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The lunar south pole, on the rim of Shackleton crater, is the target for the next human landing on the Moon. We use numerical modeling to investigate the formation of that crater and the distribution of ejecta around the south pole. We find that a 1.5 km diameter asteroid with a chondrite-like composition, vertically impacting a gabbroic anorthositic target at 15 km/s, forms a crater morphologically similar to Shackleton. If the impact had a shallower 45-degree trajectory, the asteroid may have had a diameter of 1.75 km and velocity of 15 km/s or a diameter of 1.5 km and velocity of 20 km/s. Impact melt is generated during the impact, with most of the melt volume ponding on the crater floor. We introduce a water-bearing layer at various depths in the target and find that the burial depth of a volatile layer influences the final crater morphology and may explain the morphology of Shackleton.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".