Experimental Investigation of Pressure Drop of Gas/Non-Newtonian Flow in Horizontal Pipes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Two-phase flow of gas/non-Newtonian fluid through pipes is commonly occurred in chemical industry and oil and gas refinery. Many correlations have been developed to evaluate pressure drop for non-Newtonian fluids. Based on that, these systems are not governed by Newtonian law of viscosity. However, only little experimental work has been devoted to study non-Newtonian flow behavior. In this present work, experimental setup has been conducted to investigate non-Newtonian two-phase (gas/ liquid) flow through pipes. Several concentrations of Xanthan Gum have been used as non-Newtonian liquid in the experiments and compressed air has been used as a gas. The flow rate and pressure of liquid and gas are changed by using a pump placed ahead of the mixing point. Pressure and temperature values are recorded by pressure sensors and thermocouples fixed at specific points along the pipe loop. Results of theses experiments are leaded to come up with experimental model for pressure drop of gas/non-Newtonian flow in pipes. Moreover, the flow regimes of two-phase gas/non-Newtonian flow at different conditions have been visualized through transparent tubes using a high-speed camera.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".