Assessment of the content of toxic and essential elements in the urine of children residing in rural and industrial regions in Western Urals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction. The element composition of urine is relevant and demanded index in biomedical, biomonitoring studies to assess the level of contamination of biological media and public health risks. Material and methods. The content of 12 elements (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Tl, Pb) in urine of unexposed children (n = 100 and n = 57, respectively, average age < 6 years) residing in the rural and industrial region of the Western Urals was determined by ICP-MS using Agilent 7500cx inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, USA) with an octopole reaction / collision cell (ORS). The measurement was carried out according to Methodical Guidelines 4.1. 3230-14 (FR.1.31.2014.17064) developed by the authors. Urine samples were directly analyzed after 1/10 dilution (V / V) with 1% nitric acid solution. The validity of the results was confirmed by analysis of standard urine samples SERONORMTM urine (Norway). The results were presented as basic statistical indices: minimum and maximum values, arithmetic mean (AM), geometric mean (GM), 5th, 50th, 95th percentiles, and were interpreted in accordance with current international requirements. Results. In the unexposed group of children the arithmetic mean (AM) for vanadium is 0.68 μ/l; chromium - 1.91 μg/l; manganese 0.96 - μg/l; nickel - 1.84 μg/l; copper - 13.28 μg/l; zinc - 270.56 μg/l; arsenic - 18.- 99 μg/l; selenium - 22.55 μg/l; strontium - 239.09 μg/l; cadmium - 0.12 μg/l; thallium - 0.16 μg/l; lead - 0.83 μg/l. The arithmetic mean in the group of children of the industrial territory for vanadium is - 0.72 μg/l; chromium - 2.13 μg/l; manganese - 1.11 μg/l; nickel - 2.76 μg/l; copper - 26.67 μg/l; zinc - 482.1 μg/l; arsenic - 10.09 μg/l; selenium - 32.84 μg/l; strontium - 1275.35 μg/l; cadmium - 0.122 μg/l; thallium - 0.16 μg/l; lead - 2.16 μg/l. Evaluation of the results of the study showed AM excess of nickel, copper, zinc, strontium and lead. Conclusion. The paper presents regional features of the urine elemental composition in children who permanently reside in Western Urals’ rural and industrial areas. The study results based on the 95 percentile (P95) can be used as approximate reference data as a basis for assessing the risk associated with exposure to metals. The comparative evaluation of the obtained results with the reference concentrations used in Europe, the USA and Canada for national human biomonitoring programs was carried out.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".