Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outcomes in Patients With Critical Limb Threatening Ischaemia and Diabetic Foot Infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Examine the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the outcomes in patients with CLTI or DFI. BACKGROUND: Patients with CLTI and/or DFI are at risk of amputations if not treated in a timely manner. METHODS: We compared the outcomes in patients with CLTI or DFI during 2 periods; Period 1[P1] (15/03/2019-31/05/2019) and period 2[P2] (15/03/ 2020-31/05/2020- corresponding to COVID-19 pandemic). RESULTS: One hundred thirty-nine patients were treated in P1 [mean age 70 years (±11), Male:Female = 102:37] whereas 95 patients were treated in P2 [mean age 67 (±12), Male:Female = 64:31]. The 2 cohorts were matched regarding Rutherford category (P = 0.25) and GLASS classification (P = 0.38). Notably, the time from onset of symptom to clinical presentation was significantly longer [31 (1-105) days vs 27 (0-78) days, (P = 0.017)], whereas the time from presentation to first intervention was significantly shorter [3 (0-61) days vs 5 (0-65) days, (P = 0.013)] in P2 compared to P1. There was a significantly higher white cell count (P = 0.014) and CRP (P = 0.004) on admission in P2. Having treatment for CLTI or DFI in P2 was an independent predictor of worse primary patency rate and freedom from major adverse limb events. At 90 days, amputation-free survival and limb salvage were noticeably worse in P2 compared to P1 (amputation-free survival was 80% and 87% whereas limb salvage was 64% and 72% in P2 and P1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CLTI and DFI experienced a significantly delayed presentation with features of sepsis on admission in P2. Treatment in P2 was a predictor of worse primary patency and freedom from major adverse limb events and therefore close and long follow-up is advisable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".