Decreased Level of Neuropeptide Y Is Associated With Gastroparesis in Male Diabetic Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), excitatory and inhibitory neuropeptides, respectively, may impact gastric motility in patients with diabetic mellitus (DM). We investigated these neuropeptide levels, NPY receptors, total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels, and neuronal NOS alpha (nNOSα) activation status and levels in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes in male rats. METHODS: Rats were grouped based on serum glucose and gastric emptying time: normal untreated control (CM), diabetic (DM) and diabetic gastroparesis (DM + GP). Neuropeptide serum levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting measured NPY receptors, Y1 and Y2, and nNOSα expression. Low-temperature SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting was used to measure the dimerization of nNOSα. An NOS colorimetric assay kit was used to measure total NOS activity. RESULTS: SP levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in DM and DM + GP compared to CM. NPY levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in DM compared to CM, and DM + GP had a more significantly decreased NPY when compared to both DM and CM. Protein levels of neuropeptide receptor Y1 (NPY-Y1) in the smooth muscle of pylorus were significantly increased in DM, but not in DM + GP when compared to CM. Neuropeptide receptor Y2 (NPY-Y2) was not detected. Changes in nNOSα activity and their protein levels, as well as total NOS activity, among the groups were insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Increased expression of pylorus NPY-1R and decreased serum NPY are present in diabetes. A more pronounced decreased serum NPY with no NPY-1R upregulation in pyloric smooth muscle is associated with gastroparesis. NPY levels show no relationship with nNOSα levels, their activation status, or total NOS activity in pyloric smooth muscle. These data suggest a pathophysiological role of severely depleted NPY and absence of NPY-Y1 upregulation for gastroparesis phenotype.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".