Are Aquatic Invertebrates Retaining Microplastics in the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microplastics are microscopic sized plastics, 5mm or less in length.Microplastics are produced directly for cleaning and cosmetic products, and indirectly through the physical and chemical breakdown of larger plastic materials.These plastic particles can take thousands of years to fully decompose, and thus ultimately may end up in our waterways.Microplastics have been reported in the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers but little information exists on whether these microplastics are being ingested by animals in these rivers.One hundred and fifty invertebrates of classes Malacostraca and Bivalvia were collected from the Rideau River and 150 invertebrates of classes Malacostraca and Insecta from the Ottawa River.Nearly every single individual had microplastics in them and there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.26) in the number of invertebrates with microplastics in the Ottawa River versus the Rideau River.Microplastic concentrations were, however, significantly related to taxon (p-value = 2.67e-13) and weight (p-value < 2.2e-16).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".