LEGISLATION CONCERNING FOREIGNERS IN THE RUSSIAN EM-PIRE IN XVIIIth - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIXth CENTURY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Рассматривается положение иностранцев, находящихся на территории Российской империи. Проанализированы законодательные акты, связанные с приездом и условиями проживания иностранных подданных. Появившиеся, еще при Петре I, права и привилегии для иностранных специалистов, в дальнейшем, позволили им стать привилегированной ячейкой российского общества. Продолжательницей Петра I в деле развития правового положения иностранцев стала императрица Екатерина II. Рассмотрена политика веротерпимости, проводимая монархами, которая сочеталась и с тенденцией ограничения влияния католических священников на православное население. К концу XVIII в. в законодательстве сложились общие правила для иностранцев в отношении въезда, выезда, юрисдикции, владения имуществом и отправления религии. The position of foreigners in the territory of the Russian Empire is considered. Legislative acts related to the arrival and living conditions of foreign nationals are analyzed. The rights and privileges for foreign specialists, which appeared under Peter I, allowed them to become a privileged cell of Russian society. The successor of Peter I in the development of the legal status of foreigners was the Empress Catherine II. The article considers the policy of religious tolerance pursued by monarchs, which was combined with the tendency to limit the influence of Catholic priests on the Orthodox population. By the end of the eighteenth century, legislation had established General rules for foreigners with regard to entry, exit, jurisdiction, possession of property and the exercise of religion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".