FPGA-Based Real-Time Simulation of a Three-Stage Energy Conversion System in Electric Aircrafts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a model of a three-stage synchronous generator found in passenger aircrafts for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing. The system includes two salient-pole synchronous machines, one permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with their respective resolvers, and encoders models, as well as two full-wave six-pulse AC-DC diode bridge rectifier and one DC-DC buck converter. The efficient combination of pipeline and parallel FPGA hardware design makes it possible to fit the model on a Xilinx Virtex 7 FPGA. The OP5607 real-time simulator of Opal-RT Technologies is used, and simulation time step as low as 250ns is achieved. Three scenarios are investigated understudied: balanced load change, unbalanced load change, and single-phase short-circuit fault, which are validated by Simscape/Power System library of Matlab/Simulink.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".