Bacteriophage has beneficial effects in a murine model of Klebsiella pneumoniae mastitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae is usually treated with antibiotics, thereby potentially increasing antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of a bacteriophage, isolated from dairy farm wastewater, as a treatment for a murine model of K. pneumoniae mastitis. A lytic bacteriophage CM8-1 was isolated, morphological and biological characteristics were assessed with transmission electron microscopy and double-layer plate, and its genome was sequenced and analyzed. Furthermore, effectiveness of this bacteriophage for treatment of a murine model of K. pneumoniae mastitis was evaluated based on the following mammary gland characteristics: morphological changes; number of K. pneumoniae; and mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. Bacteriophage CM8-1 had an incubation period of 30 min and a burst time of 20 min. Its viability and adsorption were stable at 30 to 50°C, but decreased significantly at >60°C, with no significant change in viability or infectivity at pH 6 to 10. In a murine model of K. pneumoniae mastitis, injecting bacteriophage CM8-1 into the mammary gland 2 h after inoculation with K. pneumoniae resulted in reductions in bacterial counts in the murine mammary gland, improvements in mammary gland tissue morphology, and reductions in mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Bacteriophage CM8-1 had stable biological characteristics and suppressed K. pneumoniae mastitis when injected into the mammary gland 2 h latera in mice bacterial inoculation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".