Bibliographic record
Abstract
Linear and nonlinear internal waves are widespread phenomena with important implications for the ocean's ecology.Here, we review the biological impacts of non-breaking internal waves for three broad categories of organisms: sessile organisms, passive plankton, and depth-keeping plankton.We use heuristic simulations to contrast the effects of passing internal waves for each of these groups.In the case of irradiance, an isobaric quantity, light availability is only modulated for passive plankton.Waveinduced horizontal transport enhances this effect, because transport in the direction of wave propagation implies that passive plankton spend longer within each wave.This is true for both linear waves, where horizontal transport is due exclusively to Stokes drift, as well as for weakly nonlinear waves, where transport arises from both nonlinearity and Stokes drift.In the case of depth-keeping plankton, a similar effect is seen for isopycnal properties.In a simple example, where we set the vertical distribution of temperature to match that of density, wave-induced horizontal transport alters the overall water temperatures depth-keeping plankton are exposed to.These results emphasize that horizontal transport within internal waves is not only important to dispersal but also modulates the effects of wave-induced vertical disturbances on plankton.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".