The maritime war in the Mediterranean, 13 <sup>th</sup> –15 <sup>th</sup> centuries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
. The economic and political changes in the last centuries of the Middle Ages modified the characteristics of naval war. This latter placed in the front line the transformed use of galleys, adopted artillery, and employed slaves as rowers. The historic rivalries between Genoa and Venice shifted in the 15 th century to commerce raiding between Christians and Muslims. RÉSUMÉ. Les changements économiques et politiques dans les derniers siècles du Moyen Âge modifient les caractères de la guerre navale. Celle-ci met au premier plan l'usage des galères qui se transforment, adoptent l'artillerie et emploient des esclaves comme rameurs. Les longues rivalités entre Gênes et Venise font place au XV e siècle à une guerre de course entre chrétiens et musulmans. The stage for naval warfare in the last centuries of the Middle Ages was set by economic and political changes in the two hundred years before 1200. The considerable growth in productive activity in the period was most obvious in the expansion of seaborne trade, Italian port cities being among the greatest beneficiaries. Their commercial success yielded not only prosperity but also more aggressive maritime strategies. Christian conquests in Sicily, Spain and the Levant shifted the naval frontier. Taking strategic points along major trading routes gave Christians an advantage in all the naval wars against Muslims. Twelfth-century improvements meant that ships from Christian ports could make voyages from one end of the Mediterranean to the other without stopping. A constellation of technical changes opened the door to an expansion of trade and of naval operations. Longer voyages, increased frequency and longer sailing seasons, relying on the compass, books of nautical instructions and maps, made both war and cargo ships more effective. The 1204 Venetian conquest, with the aid of northern crusaders, of Constantinople changed the naval context. Formerly a thalassocracy and dominant naval power, the Byzantine Empire became Latin Christian and an unstable ally of Venice. The maritime republic committed to creating its own thalassocracy. 1204 marked the birth of the Venetian maritime empire with stations in the eastern Mediterranean. A rivalry had already emerged among Italian port towns, especially over access to lucrative trades in the Levant and Black Sea. Competition over commerce drove the naval policy of the maritime republics and other states as well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".