Exploration of Ozokerite Deposits on the Territory of Austrian Galicia: Short Historical Survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is devoted to the history of ozokerite mining in Galicia during the 19th – the first third of the 20th century. The historiography of the issue has been considered as well as the main scientists, who devoted their works to mineral description and forecasted ozokerite deposits on Galicia territory, have been highlighted. Having based on the presented studies, the volumes, technical supply and staffing of ozokerite industry have been revealed. Comparison of ozokerite deposits’ investigation in different years has been accomplished due to comparative historical method. Moreover, structure and functions of ozokerite industry in Galicia, its external and internal connections have been analyzed. It was mentioned that ozokerite mines were in Boryslaw, Truskavets, Dzvyniachi, Staruni and other towns. Deposits of ozokerite-rich mineral were estimated in 30 ml tons at the end of the 19th century. Boryslaw’s mine was actively explored: up to 1.5-5 thou mines worked yearly where 2-10 tons of pure ozokerite were mined in 1850–1900-s. The peak of development was achieved at the last quarter of the 19th century where 10-19 thou tons were mined. At the beginning of the 20th century was a gradual decay of industry where only 2.6-3.5 thou tons of ozokerite were mined. The price of pure ozokerite had been constantly soaring from 280 to 1533 corona for 1 ton of mineral from the mid of 19th century. Annual ozokerite production varied between 200 and 500 tons in Truskavets, Dzvyniachi, Staruni. Due to ozokerite deposits’ depletion and reducing demand on the international market, annual ozokerite production had decreased from 3.7 to 1.6 thou tons during 1900–1913-s and during the interwar period – up to 0.7 thou tons. Consolidation of mining companies led to production enlargement; as a result there were 20-25 mining companies and 2-3 processing plants in Galicia at the beginning of the 20th century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".