Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper aims to determine the permissible wheel load, wheel radius, and speed on a railroad considering fatigue shear stress in the rail head. In the literature, there are permissible wheel load and wheel radius formulae which consider shear fatigue limit as permissible shear stress; and hence do not offer acceptable wheel load, radius and speed. The deficiency lies in the permissible shear fatigue stress value. The permissible shear fatigue stress is suggested to be 24.4% of the tensile strength of rail steel with an assumed reliability of 99%. Addressing the deficiency, formulae are suggested for permissible wheel load, wheel radius and speed under three approaches. The formulae are generalised too considering the coefficient of friction at the wheel tread/rail interface. The permissible speed is suggested to be the minimum of two speeds based on the permissible shear fatigue stress at the wheel tread/rail interface and bending fatigue stress at the rail foot. A bending fatigue stress corresponding to a reliability of 95% is suggested for heavy haul because it makes a close balance between the two aforementioned speeds.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".