Countercurrent Flow Enhances CO2 Accumulation During Upward Migration in Storage Aquifers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using high-resolution numerical simulation, we model the purely buoyant flow of CO2 in a two-dimensional (2D) closed aquifer domain. The domain is composed of two heterogeneous layers with different average permeabilities. The high permeability layer is overlain by the low permeability layer, and each layer has heterogeneous capillary pressure functions correlated with geostatistically-assigned permeabilities. Initially, CO2 is emplaced at the bottom with a given column height and then allowed to rise. During CO2 upward migration, two types of CO2 accumulations are observed: one accumulation is capillary-barrier trapping, and the other is permeability-retarded. More importantly, capillary-trapped CO2 interacts with the permeability-retarded CO2. The former CO2 trapping exhibits a much higher saturation, which causes the latter CO2, under countercurrent flow (i.e., CO2 rises and while water falls), to move upward much slowly. Thus, accurate evaluation of CO2 upward migration should consider the interaction between capillary-trapping and permeability-retardation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".