Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Sri Lanka's 30 Year Civil War: A Study of Transgenerational Trauma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterised by intense fear, helplessness, or horror resulting from exposure to extreme trauma. The trauma event may involve a real or perceived threat of injury or death. Refugees and asylum seekers are substantially at higher risk for developing PTSD. Sri Lanka is identified as a refugee-producing country. Over the years, Sri Lankan Tamils have fled their homes due to the escalating civil war, violence, persecution, and systematic discrimination. The survivor’s trauma experiences, along with their hope of establishing a new home, are transported to their host countries. The current study explored the trauma experiences of the first and second generation of Sri Lankan Tamils living in Sydney who have been directly or indirectly impacted by Sri Lanka's thirty-year civil war. Sri Lanka's civil war was one of the longest-running civil wars in Asia. As a result, many Tamils fled Sri Lanka seeking asylum in countries such as Canada, the USA, the United Kingdom and Australia. The findings revealed that the first generation participants overwhelming reported greater direct experiences of trauma than indirect experiences of trauma. This finding was consistent with the generation 1 participants having lived in Sri Lanka for a prolonged period and having greater exposure to trauma events. Generation 2 participants disclosed greater indirect trauma event types. The findings of this study provide evidence of transgenerational transfer of trauma in generation 2 participants with household only experiences of sexual assault and torture positively associated with PTSD scores and all three PTSD subscales including re-experiencing, avoidance and arousal. These findings support evidence consistent with transgenerational trauma literature that trauma experiences of one generation can be passed onto another through complex mechanisms that facilitate the transfer of trauma symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".