Palmitoylation of the Bovine Foamy Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Is Required for Viral Replication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Membrane proteins of enveloped viruses have been reported to undergo palmitoylation, a post-translational modification often having a critical role in the function of these viral proteins and hence viral replication. In this study, we report that the foamy virus (FV) envelope (Env) glycoprotein is palmitoylated. Specifically, we found that bovine foamy virus (BFV) Env (BEnv) is palmitoylated at amino acid positions C58 and C59 by BDHHC3 and BDHHC20 in a DHHC motif-dependent manner. In addition, mutations C58S and C58/59S significantly decrease cell surface expression of BEnv, subviral particle (SVP) egress, and its membrane fusion activity, thus ultimately inhibiting BFV replication. The C59S mutation exerts a minor effect in this regard. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the function of BEnv in the context of BFV replication is under the regulation of palmitoylation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".