Letter to the <i>Journal</i> The Status of Northwest Passage and the Position of China in the US-Canada Dispute: Some Comments in Partial Response to the Exchange of Views between Michael Byers and Emma Lodge on the One Hand and James Kraska on the Other
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. It is not everyday that distinguished writers from Canada and the US debate, in the Chinese Journal of International Law, whether China should support either of the two States’ claims under international law.1 The subject of this debate is the legal status of the Northwest Passage—a series of sea routes through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago which connect Davis Strait/Baffin Bay in the east and the Beaufort Sea in the west. For the better part of the last six decades, Canada maintained that the Northwest Passage is within its internal waters, whereas the US insisted that the passage is an international strait open to all States. Underlying this dispute is the strategic and economic importance...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.033 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.032 | 0.017 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".