Salt effects on dynamic bubble nucleation on hydrophobic surfaces in air super‐saturated water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Effect of salts (NaCl and CaCl 2 ) on dynamic bubble nucleation on hydrophobic bitumen and silanated glass in air‐supersaturated water was examined using an autoclave at air saturation pressure of 700 kPa and temperature of 80°C. The results showed that at a low salt concentration, there was virtually no difference in the sizes of bubbles nucleated on the surface (0.06‐0.2 cm in diameter), as compared to the cases without salt addition. At a higher salt concentration (0.2 M CaCl 2 , or 0.3 M NaCl), the size of bubbles nucleated on the surfaces reduced drastically (more than 10‐fold smaller), with the surface being entirely frosted with small bubbles lined up neatly. The observed sizes of surface bubbles were up to more than 3600 times larger for the cases without salts, and 600 times larger at the high salt concentrations, than the critical equilibrium bubble diameter under given test conditions (~328 nm). Possible reasons for the observed phenomena were briefly discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".