Financial Inclusion and Tax Revenue: Evidence From Europe
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper aimed to investigate the relationship between financial inclusion and tax revenue using measures from the Global Findex database for a sample of 28 European countries between 2011- 2017. The data were analysed using panel data methodology. The number of people who are financially included in this observed period might increase over time, which would create more income and in turn lead to higher tax contributions to the government. We found strong evidence to suggest that financial inclusion represents one of the determinants of tax revenue in European countries. Results of the analysis show positive and significant impact of financial inclusion as measured by Bank account (% of age +15) and credit card ownership (% age 15+) on tax revenues measures. The results are robust using several sources of taxation. The findings suggest that higher financial inclusion is associated with more tax revenue. These results should be of great interest to regulators and policymakers to take advantage of the developments on financial inclusion.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it