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Search for GeV neutrino emission during intense gamma-ray solar flares with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, Cyril Martin Alispach, A. A. Alves, N. M. Amin, R. An, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, Anastasia Maria Barbano, S. W. Barwick, Benjamin Bastian, Vedant Basu, V. Baum, S. Baur, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, K. H. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, Chiara Bellenghi, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Etienne Bourbeau, J. Bourbeau, Federica Bradascio, J. Braun, S. Bron, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, A. Burgman, R. S. Busse, Michael Campana, C. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, B. A. Clark, K. Clark, Lew Classen, Alan Coleman, G. H. Collin, J. M. Conrad, Paul Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, Pranav Dave, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, H.-P. Dembinski, Kunal Deoskar, S. De Ridder, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. de With, T. DeYoung, Sukeerthi Dharani, A. Diaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Hrvoje Dujmović, M. Dunkman, M. A. DuVernois, Emily Dvorak, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, R. Engel, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, A. T. Fienberg, K. Filimonov, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Edward Friedman, Alexander Fritz, Philipp Fürst, T. K. Gaisser, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, S. Garrappa, L. Gerhardt, Christian Gläser, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, A. Goldschmidt, J. G. Gonzalez, Sreetama Goswami, D. Grant, T. Grégoire, Z. Griffith, Spencer Griswold, Mehmet Gündüz, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Martin Ha Minh, K. Hanson, John Hardin, A. A. Harnisch, A. Haungs, Simon Hauser, D. Hebecker, K. Helbing, Felix Henningsen, Emma C. Hettinger, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, R. Hoffmann, Tobias Hoinka, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, K. Hoshina, F. Huang, M. E. Huber, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, S. In, N. Iovine, A. Ishihara, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, B. J. P. Jones, R. Joppe, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, Moritz Kellermann, J. L. Kelley, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kim, Ken'ichi Kin, T. Kintscher, J. Kiryluk, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, S. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, K. Krings, G. Krückl, N. Kurahashi, A. Kyriacou, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, J. L. Lanfranchi, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, J. P. Lazar, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Y. Li, Qinrui Liu, Elisa Lohfink, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, Andrew Ludwig, William Luszczak, W. Y., J. Madsen, K. B. M. Mahn, Yuya Makino, P. Mallik, Sarah Mancina, Ioana Codrina Mariş, R. Maruyama, K. Mase, Frank McNally, K. Meagher, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, S. Meighen-Berger, J. Merz, Jessie Micallef, D. Mockler, G. Momenté, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, Richard Naab, R. Nagai, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Le Viet Nguyen, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, Sarah Nowicki, D. R. Nygren, A. Obertacke Pollmann, M. Oehler, A. Olivas, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, N. Park, G. K. Parker, E. N. Paudel, P. Peiffer, C. Pérez de los Heros, Saskia Philippen, D. Pieloth, Sarah Pieper, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Yuriy Popovych, Alessio Porcelli, Maria Prado Rodriguez, P. B. Price, B. Pries, G. T. Przybylski, Christoph Raab, Amirreza Raissi, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins, I. C. Rea, Abdul Rehman, R. Reimann, M. Renschler, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, Simeon Reusch, W. Rhode, M. Richman, Benedikt Riedel, S. Robertson, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, J. Sandroos, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, Sourav Sarkar, K. Satalecka, Maximilian Karl Scharf, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, P. Schlunder, T. Schmidt, A. Schneider, J. Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, Ankur Sharma, S. Shefali, Marcos Ferreira da Silva, B. Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, D. Soldin, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, Robert Stein, J. Stettner, A. Steuer, T. Stezelberger, R. G. Stokstad, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, F. Tenholt, S. Ter–Antonyan, S. Tilav, Franziska Tischbein, K. Tollefson, L. Tomankova, Christoph Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, M. Tselengidou, C. F. Tung, A. Turcati, R. Turcotte, C. F. Turley, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, B. Ty, Martin Unland Elorrieta, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, D. van Eijk, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, S. Verpoest, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck, A. Wallace, Timothyblake Watson, C. Weaver, A. Weindl, M. J. Weiss, J. Weldert, Chris Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, B. J. Whelan, N. Whitehorn, K. Wiebe, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, Martin Wolf, K. Woschnagg, Gerrit Wrede, Johan Wilfried Wulff, Xiaolin Xu, Y. Xu, J. P. Yanez, S. Yoshida, Tony Yuan, Z. Zhang
Bibliographic record
VenuePhysical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of AlbertaSnolab
FundersAustralian Research CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaScience and Technology Facilities CouncilHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsRWTH Aachen UniversityBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungH2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie ActionsSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronHelmholtz-GemeinschaftFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseWisconsin Alumni Research FoundationUniversity of MarylandU.S. Department of EnergyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonVetenskapsrådetVillum FondenUniversity of OxfordFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekCanada Foundation for InnovationMarquette UniversityMichigan State University
KeywordsPhysicsObservatoryGamma rayNeutrinoSolar flareSolar neutrinoNeutrino detectorAstronomyAstrophysicsNeutrino astronomySolar neutrino problemNeutrino oscillationNuclear physics
Abstract
Solar flares convert magnetic energy into thermal and nonthermal plasma energy, the latter implying particle acceleration of charged particles such as protons. Protons are injected out of the coronal acceleration region and can interact with dense plasma in the lower solar atmosphere, producing mesons that subsequently decay into gamma rays and neutrinos at $\mathcal{O}(\mathrm{MeV}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{GeV})$ energies. We present the results of the first search for GeV neutrinos emitted during solar flares carried out with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. While the experiment was originally designed to detect neutrinos with energies between 10 GeV and a few PeV, a new approach allowing for a $\mathcal{O}(\mathrm{GeV})$ energy threshold will be presented. The resulting limits allow us to constrain some of the theoretical estimates of the expected neutrino flux.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.337
Threshold uncertainty score1.000
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.353
Teacher spread0.334 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations14
Published2021
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes