PMC Packaged Single-Substrate 4 × 4 Butler Matrix and Double-Ridge Gap Waveguide Horn Antenna Array for Multibeam Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) packaging concept is utilized at 30 GHz, which suppresses the higher order cavity modes, improves insertion losses, and helps in developing packaged microstrip lines (PMSLs) and double-ridge gap waveguide (DRGW) transmission lines. The Quasi-TEM PMSLs are used to design quadratic hybrid, crossover, and phase shifters as components of a wideband 4 x 4 Butler matrix (BM) on a single substrate. Two types of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) unit cells-full height and half height-are investigated to realize artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) required for the present design. A parametric study is performed for all components. BM is numerically assembled from these components and analyzed. It achieves a 5-GHz (28-33 GHz) bandwidth with return loss and isolation, both better than 15 dB. At 30 GHz, the insertion loss is 0.8 ± 0.3 dB, and antenna-ports' phase distributions are ±45° and ±135°. E-plane-flared horn antennas terminate the BM antenna ports as a linear array. The DRGW horn antenna is designed to reduce the scan loss within an array environment. The H-plane fan-beam switching covers ±42° with a maximum gain of 11.7 and 11.2 dBi for 1R and 2R beams, respectively. The H-plane element pattern and the half-height EBG AMC at the array aperture help to maintain 0.5 dB of gain loss for the outer beams (2R and 2L) compared to the inner beams (1R and 1L). The multibeam prototype is the right candidate for millimeter-wave 5G base station and can easily be scaled to higher frequency bands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".