Responsabilité individuelle et fiscalité
Bibliographic record
Abstract
L'insuffisance de financement volontaire des biens collectifs pose la question de la responsabilité individuelle au sein des groupes et des sociétés. Une fiscalité renforçant l'engagement individuel permet-elle d'atténuer le problème du passager clandestin ? Cet article compare expérimentalement l'efficacité de deux types de fiscalité visant à soutenir l'offre d'un bien collectif. Dans l'un, la charge fiscale est répartie égalitairement entre les sujets; dans l'autre, la charge est modulée en fonction du montant de la contribution volontaire individuelle. Les résultats montrent que l'uniformité incite au resquillage alors que l'individualisation fiscale favorise la coopération en responsabilisant les agents. Dans le second traitement, les contributions se rapprochent de l'optimum et la fréquence des déficits est réduite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".