Combining Marriage and Children with Paid Work: Changes across Cohorts in Italy and Britain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study compares two countries: Italy and Britain. It examines data from the BHPS and the ILFI up to 2005 and uses event history models to investigate changes across four successive birth cohorts in the effect of family responsibilities on women’s transitions between paid market work and unpaid family-care work from the time women leave full-time education until they are in their forties. My findings show that in both countries women’s attachment to paid work has increased and that education and/or class have marked and still mark the divide, as predicted by human capital theory. However, in line with culturalist and institutional approaches, it also emerges that the effect of motherhood is, ceteris paribus, stronger in a residualist-liberal welfare regime like the British one. In Italy, where demand for labour is relatively low, gender role norms are quite traditional, reconciliation policies are weak but largely compensated by intergenerational and kinship solidarity, fewer women enter paid work, but when they do, fewer women interrupt when becoming wives or mothers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".