The Arab Uprisings and the European Union: In Search of a Comprehensive Strategy
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The self-immolation of Mohammed Ben Bouazizi, a university-educated street vendor, on 17 December 2010 in a Tunisian provincial city is generally seen as the symbolic trigger for the Arab uprisings. It set in motion a series of civil protests and revolutionary chain reactions against uncompromising and authoritarian regimes in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) during the first half of 2011, and their after-effects continue until today. Within just a few months, governments were overthrown in Tunisia (President Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia on 16 January 2011), in Egypt (President Hosni Mubarak resigned on 11 February 2011), and in Libya (Colonel Muammar Gaddafi was killed on 20 October 2011). The Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh was formally replaced on 27 February 2012 and mass demonstrations took place in Iran, Bahrain, Jordan, Syria and, to a lesser extent, in Algeria, Iraq, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia. It has been observed that the Arab Spring originated from a combination of an economic deficit, a political deficit, and a dignity deficit.1 Remarkably, the unrests occurred so suddenly that few had seen them coming.2 Reactions in Europe were initially slow and reluctant, in sharp contrast with the attention they subsequently received. The uprisings triggered a re-thinking of economic, political, and security relations of both the European Union (EU) and its Member States with the Arab world. The Arab Spring was, moreover, the first major foreign policy test for the European External Action Service (EEAS), which had only become operative in January 2011. At the peak of the Arab uprisings, the EEAS was confronted with the enormous challenge of coordinating external policies in the region without key officials being appointed or precedents to fall back on.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it