Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Republic of Kazakhstan ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Disabled People in January 2015 as part of a programme of ‘Future without Barriers’ and has sought to make the majority of its schools inclusive. This paper reports on progress towards inclusion and the challenges faced by a nation that is aspiring to develop as an independent nation whilst still utilising knowledge and capital from the former Soviet Union. An analysis of the country’s ‘readiness’ for inclusive education is offered, using Hacking’s 2010 Hacking, I. 2010. “Autism Fiction? A Mirror of an Internet Decade?” University of Toronto Quarterly 79 (2): 632–655. doi:10.3138/utq.79.2.632.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] concept of (2006 Hacking, I. 2006. Kinds of People: Moving targets. British Academy Lecture, 11 April. Retrieved on 30 May 2018 from: https://www.britac.ac.uk/sites/default/files/hacking-draft.pdf. [Google Scholar]; 1998a Hacking, I. 1998a. “Making up People.” In Science Studies Reader edited by M Biagioli. London: Routledge. [Google Scholar] & b Hacking, I. 1998b. Mad Travellers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia. [Google Scholar]; 2010 Hacking, I. 2010. “Autism Fiction? A Mirror of an Internet Decade?” University of Toronto Quarterly 79 (2): 632–655. doi:10.3138/utq.79.2.632.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) ‘making up people’ and Mitchell’s ‘ablenationalism’. Ablenationalism is also used to explore how Kazakhstan’s efforts to assert its own distinctive identity and culture affected the positioning of disabled children and adults within education and within society. We conclude with some considerations of the possibilities for the future rights of disabled children and for inclusion. Points of interestThis article focuses on the republic of Kazakhstan, which separated from the Soviet Union in 1991.The country has made significant efforts to introduce inclusive education over a short period of time and there has been some success. A major barrier to progress comes from the country’s system of assessing and classifying disabled children.Teachers have found inclusive education challenging and many have expressed a preference for segregation.Parents faced enormous challenges in having their disabled children accepted in mainstream schools. However, by establishing parents’ groups, they have been able to influence policy and practice and increase progress towards inclusive education.Recommendations made to the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan, who commissioned this research, included adopting an international perspective to enable it to learn from other countries; incentives to schools to encourage greater inclusiveness and extended media campaigns to change attitudes towards disability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".