Bibliographic record
Abstract
A three-dimensional developmental model of the family firm is applied to the tourist industry.This model is evaluated through an overview of recent research on the themes and topics surrounding family businesses in tourism. These topics include the relatively high rate at which such family enterprises fail, the strategies used by families to counter or to adapt to the cyclical demand that characterizes the tourist industry, the degree to which family enterprises may be called entrepreneurial, and the challenges facing women who operate tourism and hospitality businesses.The roles that cultural values, location, and family values play in the success of family-operated tourism businesses are also considered. As a whole, the literature review suggests that not all elements in the developmental model are equally important.The fact that only a few family businesses in tourism are inherited or involve children renders the study of individual owners especially important.Also, because these businesses are often founded on the belief that the needs and preferences of the owner's family are paramount, normal expectations of growth and profit maximization are not likely to apply; indeed, only a few enterprises complete a full life cycle. (SAA)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".