The Gender and Development (GAD) Paradigm: Empowerment of Rural Afghan Women Through Collaborative Initiatives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Afghanistan is situated in the “patriarchal belt” and constitutes an extreme case of classic patriarchy. Women living in rural areas are, for the most part, subject to forms of control and subordination, which include gender segregation and the association of female virtue with family honour. Young brides – as young as nine or 10 years old – marry into large families, gain respect primarily by bearing sons, and later on in life obtain power as mothers-in-law. Seclusion of women from all but intimate family members is typical of such societies. Women’s freedom is decidedly limited as most wear the ‘burqa’ – a full body-covering – in public. This is because women’s roles in Afghanistan are structurally determined by the sex/gender system, state structure, as well as the level and type of economic development. As the rebuilding of Afghanistan begins, the role of women in the process remains a vital issue. Gender, in the context of Afghanistan, entails social relations, culture/religion, subordination, and patriarchy. Though, it is important to note that women’s low status and situation of gender inequality is not primarily due to patriarchy, but also a result of gender and social relations, the presence of a weak state, and a history of development from the top-down, characterized by a low level of industrialization. Hence, gender relations in Afghanistan are historically specific; they are determined by social, economic, class, political, legal, as well as cultural/religious factors. Like all Muslim majority societies, the interaction of Islamic culture with secularism, nationalism, ethnicity and other important historical, social, and economic mechanisms structure the lives of rural Afghan women (as well as men). Often, Islamic culture is considered to be the primary agent in determining the identities of women in such societies, and is used to justify war, occupation, and invasion. Though twenty-two years of war, invasion, and violent conflict has marred social capital in Afghanistan, women are still able to organize gender-related survival strategies and, in the process, become aware of more gender-specific concerns. This is established not only through aid/assistance but also through partnerships with national and international women’s organizations, women’s media, and non-government organizations (NGOs). These joint ventures enable rural women to feel more empowered and break taboos; thereby working towards changing gender relations and perceptions at a much deeper level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".