Contracts to the Detriment of a Third Party: Developing a Model Inspired by Jewish Law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When two parties enter into a contract, a third party often incurs losses as a result of that contract. Are there circumstances in which the harm the contract causes to the third party’s interest is actionable? The phenomenon of contracts to the detriment of a third party presents a significant legal challenge. It is one of those interesting border-line cases that sharpens the problematic confrontation between the principle of freedom of contract and the need to protect the interests of third parties. This article argues that contemporary legal systems treat the phenomenon of contract to the detriment of a third party in piecemeal fashion by way of local arrangements in a number of specific areas of law. In contrast, Jewish law seems to offer a model for the principled and comprehensive treatment of the phenomenon as a whole. Therefore, Jewish law can profitably contribute to the modern legal discourse. At the same time, modern legal theories may enhance our understanding of Jewish law itself.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".