Trust, Reciprocity, and Guanxi in China: An Experimental Investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Employing a financially salient one-shot trust game, we examined the influence of guanxi (social distance) on trust and reciprocity dynamics in China. The results demonstrate the commonly-accepted negative relationship between trust and social distance, whereas reciprocity is less responsive to the change in guanxi connections. The significance of trust and reciprocity in social life has long been recognized by various social sciences: anthropology, psychology, economics, sociology, and business studies. Across disciplines there is a consensus that trust and reciprocity as forms of social capital are critical to our society, as noted by Buchan, Croson, and Johnson (forthcoming): “Trust and reciprocity are integral elements in economic transitions between companies, customers and retailers, between employees and employers, as well as in determining economic performance. ” Nobel Laureate Kenneth Arrow (1972) in "Gifts and Exchanges" cogently remarked: “Virtually every commercial transaction has within itself an element of trust, certainly any transaction conducted over a period of time. It can plausibly be argued that much of the economic backwardness in the world can be explained by the lack of mutual confidence. ” The underlying logic of this statement is the following: in high-trust societies, individuals need to spend fewer resources to protect
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".