Particle Velocity Distribution and Its Prediction in a 14 m Two-Dimensional Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Particle velocity ( V p ) is investigated comprehensively in a two-dimensional circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser with a superficial gas velocity ( U g ) of 5–7 m/s and a solids circulation rate ( G s ) up to 500 kg/m 2 s which are similar to the industrial operating conditions. Results indicate that the lateral profile of V p is nonuniform showing roughly a “core-annulus” or parabolic trend with G s less than 300 kg/m 2 s, while it presents a uniform structure under relatively high solids loading conditions with G s of 500 kg/m 2 s. For axial distribution of V p, lower V p is near the riser bottom, and it gradually increases along the riser, indicating flow development. Fluctuation of the average particle velocity along the riser is more vigorous when G s is high up to 400 kg/m 2 s. Both axial and lateral particle velocities can be predicted using empirical correlations established in this work. Empirical equation to describe the relationship of V p against solids holdup (ε s ) works better for low G s . Based on the analysis, it may suggest different fluid mechanisms for low and high solids flux conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".