Bibliographic record
Abstract
The secular trend of perinatal mortality in Utrecht between 1880 and 1940 and its causes are examined in this study, based on patient records of two maternity clinics, those of the city's academic hospital, and of its outpatient clinic. The sample includes 17,111 deliveries. Over the period the proportion of births in the city occurring in the two institutions rose from 3 to 90%. The perinatal mortality rate in the hospital declined and then rose slightly at the end of the 19th century, but remained constant, even if cyclical, thereafter in both the hospital and the outpatient clinic. Rates differed substantially between the two maternity services. Logistic regression analysis reveals a cluster of factors related to perinatal death. Low birth weight had a powerful association with perinatal mortality in both samples. Most of the other factors associated with perinatal mortality were related to the health of the patients, to obstetric problems related to deliveries, and to infant sex and maternal age. Relationships between perinatal mortality and other measures of human welfare in The Netherlands are explored.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".