Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Human Capital Development: A Small Country Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper summarily examines the pattern of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) by Irish MNCs and more specifically investigates their approach to human capital development. In particular it investigates training and development expenditure, adoption of succession planning, use of formal development programmes for senior management 'potential', and also the presence of a specific 'key group' development programme. Data were obtained through the largest, most representative study ever conducted on multinational companies (MNCs) in Ireland. In total 260 usable interviews were completed equating to an overall response rate of 63 per cent, 78 per cent for Irish MNCs, the primary focus of this paper, and 60 per cent for foreign MNCs. Overall Irish MNCs compare favourably with their foreign counterparts in terms of the human capital development mechanisms examined. Only one statistically significant association was found regarding differences between Irish and foreign owned MNCs in terms of the mechanisms being analysed. Irish MNCs were found to be significantly less likely to have formal management development programmes in place than foreign MNCs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".