Demonstration of 108 Gb/s Duo-Binary PAM-8 Transmission and the Probabilistic Modeling of DB-PAM-M BER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report 108 Gb/s Duo-Binary PAM-8 (DB-PAM-8) transmission using direct-detection aided by Volterra equalizer. The bit-error-rate (BER) performance of the DB-PAM-8 signal has been evaluated through error counting by varying the bit rate, received optical power, and reach. The experimental results suggest that up to 108, 102, and 84 Gb/s signals can be propagated in back-to-back (B2B), and over 10, and 20 km of standard single-mode fiber (SMF), respectively, below the low-density parity-check forward error correction (LDPC-FEC) threshold. Furthermore, we derive a probabilistic model of the BER for multilevel DB-PAM-M signaling that is verified using our measurements. The model of this important performance metric turned out to be accurate enough, especially at low BER values, where its use is more convenient.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".