Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Belgium Alain Jousten, Mathieu Lefebvre, Sergio Perelman and Pierre Pestieau, Canada Michael Baker, Jonathan Gruber, and Kevin Milligan Denmark Paul Bingley, Nabanita Datta Gupta, and Peder J. Pedersen France Melika Ben Salem, Didier Blanchet, Antoine Bozio and Muriel Roger Germany Axel Borsch-Supan and Reinhold Schnabel Italy Agar Brugiavini and Franco Peracchi Japan Takashi Oshio, Satoshi Shimizutani and, Akiko Sato Oishi Netherlands Adriaan Kalwij, Arie Kapteyn and Klaas de Vos Spain Michele Boldrin, Sergi Jimenez-Martin and Pilar Garcia Gomez Sweden Marten Palme and Ingemar Svensson United Kingdom James Banks, Richard Blundell, Antonio Bozio and Carl Emmerson, United States Jonathan Gruber and Kevin Milligan
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it