Stock Market Efficiency Analysis using Long Spans of Data: A Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the multifractality and efficiency of stock markets in eight developed (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, UK and USA) and two emerging (India and South Africa) countries for which long span of data, covering over or nearly a century in each case, is available to avoid sample bias. We employ the Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MF-DFA) based on the generalized Hurst exponents to compare the relative efficiency between short- and long-run horizons and small and large fluctuations. Our findings show that the stock markets are multifractal and mostly long-term persistent. Most markets are more efficient in the long-term than in the short-term. The findings are robust to small and large fluctuations. Overall, although efficiency level varies over time in these markets, the markets are not weakly efficient in both short- and long-term. We draw the economic implications of these results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".