Optimizing Cycling Conditions for Anode-Free Lithium Metal Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optimizing the performance of the lithium metal anode is required to enable the next generation of high energy density batteries. Anode-free lithium metal cells are particularly attractive as they facilitate the highest energy density cell architecture. In this work, we investigate the performance of anode-free cells cycled under different protocols. We demonstrate the impact of charge and discharge current density with three different cycling conditions: a symmetric charge-discharge, an asymmetric faster charge and an asymmetric slower charge. We show that the relative rate of charge vs discharge is more important than the absolute current densities, and that cycling with an asymmetric slower charge protocol is optimal in agreement with previous studies on cells with lithium metal anodes. We also examine the effect of depth of discharge and demonstrate how the lower voltage cut-off can be chosen to form a lithium reservoir in situ. We show that the capacity of the lithium reservoir significantly benefits lifetime for cells cycled with a limited depth of discharge. Finally, we develop a specialized intermittent high depth of discharge cycling protocol optimized for anode-free lithium metal cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".